Leptospirosis:Bacterial infection caused by the Leptospira species of bacteria
It is a zoonotic disease, meaning it is transmitted from animals to humans. The infection is common in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in areas with poor sanitation or frequent flooding.
Key Facts
- Causative Agent: Leptospira bacteria (spirochetes).
- Transmission:
- Humans get infected through contact with water, soil, or food contaminated by the urine of infected animals.
- Direct contact with infected animals can also lead to infection.
- At-Risk Populations: Farmers, veterinarians, sewage workers, and individuals in flood-prone areas.
Symptoms
Leptospirosis symptoms can vary widely, ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to severe, life-threatening conditions. They typically appear 5–14 days after exposure but can take up to 30 days.
Mild Leptospirosis:
- Fever
- Headache
- Muscle pain (especially in calves and lower back)
- Chills
- Red eyes (conjunctival suffusion)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Skin rash
Severe Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease):
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
- Kidney failure
- Liver damage
- Respiratory distress
- Meningitis (inflammation of the brain’s lining)
- Bleeding tendencies (e.g., in lungs or gastrointestinal tract)
Severe cases may lead to multi-organ failure and can be fatal without timely treatment.
Diagnosis
- Clinical Symptoms: Initial assessment based on symptoms and history of exposure.
- Laboratory Tests:
- Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT): A gold-standard serology test to detect antibodies.
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Detects Leptospira DNA in blood or urine samples.
- Culture: Isolation of bacteria from blood, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid.
