Hepatitis B is a viral infection caused by the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
It can range from a mild, acute illness to a chronic condition, potentially leading to severe complications such as liver failure, cirrhosis, or liver cancer. HBV is a major global health concern, but it is preventable with a vaccine.
Symptoms
Symptoms vary depending on whether the infection is acute or chronic.
Acute Hepatitis B:
Develops within 1 to 4 months of exposure and may last a few weeks to months.
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea or vomiting
- Abdominal pain (especially in the upper right side)
- Dark urine
- Clay-colored stools
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
- Joint or muscle pain
Chronic Hepatitis B:
Persists for more than six months and may remain asymptomatic for years.
- Persistent fatigue
- Abdominal discomfort
- Signs of liver damage (e.g., swelling, jaundice) in advanced stages.
Prevention
- Vaccination:
- Highly effective Hepatitis B vaccine.
- Routine for infants, healthcare workers, and high-risk groups.
- Three-dose schedule over six months.
- Safe Practices:
- Use sterile needles and avoid sharing syringes.
- Practice safe sex (use condoms).
- Avoid sharing personal items like razors or toothbrushes.
- Screening and Treatment for Pregnant Women:
- Screen pregnant women for HBV.
- Provide HBV immunoglobulin (HBIG) and vaccine to newborns of infected mothers.
- Standard Precautions in Healthcare:
- Proper disposal of sharp objects.
- Use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
